• What are the three most important metamorphic agents?  Explain each. 


• How does a foliated metamorphic rock differ from a nonfoliated metamorphic rock? 


• What is the difference between contact and regional metamorphism?

• How is a sedimentary rock formed? 


• What are sediments?  

• What is deposition?  


• What do the size and shape of the particles in a sedimentary rock tell you about its environment of formation? (i.e. coarse vs fine, angular vs rounded) 


• Could you identify the type of rock currently forming in a given environment? (Like we did in the in-class slide activity.)  
• Example environments: river, beach, floodplain, shallow ocean, coral reef, deep ocean, swamp, talus slope, lake/pond

• What are the three general types of rocks found on Earth?


• How is each formed?


• Could you label the following on a diagram like Figure 3.2 on page 53 in your textbook?

• What is orogenesis? What is an orogeny?

• The idea that the crust is floating in gravitational balance on top of the mantle is known as _________.

• As a result of isostatic adjustments, erosion of a mountain range will cause _____________________.

• As a result of isostatic adjustments, deposition in an ocean basisn will cause ____________________.

• A rock will fold and/or fracture if it is subjected to stresses that are ___________________ its strength.

• A rock is subjected to stresses.  If it elastically deforms, it will ________________________________.

• If the elastic limit of a material is passed what will happen? 

• How does plastic deformation differ from elastic deformation? 

• Faults
• Dip-Slip
• What type of movement occurs on dip-slip fault? 

• What is the hanging wall?  

• What is the footwall? 

• There a two types of dip-slip faults, normal and reverse.  How do they differ? 

• True or False?  A normal fault is the result of compressional stresses. 

• Strike Slip
• What type of movement occurs on a strike slip fault? 

• At what type of plate boundary would you likely find a strike slip fault? 

• Types of Mountains:
• Explain how mountains are formed at or by:

• Island Arcs 

• Andean-Type Collisions 

• Terranes

• Continental Collisions 

• Fault-Block Mountains

• Give an example of where each of the above has or is occurring on Earth.

• How were the Appalachian Mountains formed? 

• Can you interpret the Geology of New York summary sheet I gave you?  (Hint: I will provide the summary sheet on the exam, you will need to be able to answer questions using it.  Extra copies are available here.)

• What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering?

• How does mechanical weathering aid chemical weathering? 

• List and briefly explain the four types of mechanical weathering:

1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
4. _______________

• What is the most important agent for chemical weathering? 

• What is acid precipitation?  

• Why is acid rain bad? 

• What five factors control soil formation? 

1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
4. _______________
5. _______________

• List three problems associated with soil erosion.

1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________

• List three ways that we use soil. 

1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________

• How can soil erosion be prevented?  

Mass Wasting
Other sources: demonstration information, video footage, mass wasting in-class activity

• What is the driving force for mass wasting events? 

• List the 7 factors that influence whether a mass wasting event will occur or not.  
• Hint: Know how each of these factors contributes to mass wasting, you do not need to memorize this list.
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
4. _______________
5. _______________
6. _______________
7. _______________

• For each type of mass wasting event listed below, know the basic characteristics. 

• fall 

• slump 

• slide 

• creep 

• flow

• What will occur once precipitated water reaches the ground?


• A measure of how far water has traveled over a given period of time is a measure of its ____________.


• Where is the highest velocity in a straight stream? 


• Where is the velocity greatest in a meandering stream? 


• Where is the erosion greatest in a meandering stream?  Why? 


• Where does deposition occur in a meandering stream?  Why? 


• What three factors influence the velocity of a stream?
• Define and explain each of these factors.

• What is lag time? 

• What is a stream a hydrograph? 

• What are the differences between the rural and urban stream hydrographs presented in class?  View hydrographs here.

• Why are there differences or what are the factors that would cause these differences?

• How do streams transport material (three ways)?
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________

• Deposition occurs when the ___________________ of a stream decreases.

• In a stream, an increase in velocity will cause an increase in the ______________material carried. An increase in discharge will cause an increase in the ________________ material carried. 

• List and describe the four types of flood control we discussed in class. Include the pros and cons of each.

1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
4. _______________

• What were the two types of floods we discussed in class?  How do they differ?