FINAL EXAM

 

“C”  # _____________________

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE and FILL – IN

 

1.      The rough endoplasmic reticulum forms flattened sacs called  (A) grana  (B) cisternae
(C) thylakoids  (D) golgi  (E) none of the above.

 

 

2.      The small fragments of DNA made as part of the “lagging strand” during DNA synthesis are called
________________________________.

 

3.      Which of the following is true about secretory vesicles?  (A) They bud off from the golgi.
(B) They contain low-pH acting enzymes that work inside the cell.  (C) They fuse with the plasma membrane.  (D) A and B are both correct  (E) A and C are both correct.

 

4.      The fine-level control of enzyme activity is accomplished by  (A) enzyme production  (B) enzyme degradation  (C) enzyme competition  (D) enzyme inhibition  (E) enzyme transformation.

 

5.      Although not begun in this organelle, most of the glycosylation events occur in the
(A) mitochondria  (B) chloroplasts  (C) ER  (D) golgi  (E) lysosomes.

 

6.      Starting with acetyl-CoA, consider all of the energy produced from one glucose by the Krebs cycle.  How many ATP’s are produced when this energy is turned into ATP?  (A) 2  (B) 20
(C) 22  (D) 24  (E) 32.

 

7.      Most lipids are made on the  (A) cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane  (B) cytoplasmic side of the outer mitochondrial membrane  (C) intermembrane space side of the inner mitochondrial membrane  (D) cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane  (E) lumen side of the ER membrane.

 

8.      We talked about an experiment that demonstrated that proteins moved from the ER to the Golgi to outside the cell.  Using radioactive markers, the type of experiment we did was called a
_______________________ experiment.

 

9.      The RER is involved with which of the following?  (A) Protein glycosylation
(B) Membrane manufacture  (C) Protein synthesis  (D) B and C are correct
(E) all are correct

 

10.  Which of the following is true?  (A) Activation energy is raised by the contact residues.
(B) Activation energy is supplied by enzymes.  (C) Activation energy is released by the products.
(D) Activation energy is reduced by the catalytic residues.  (E) Activation energy is reduced by the contact residues.

 

11.  When lysosomal enzymes are involved in digesting the cell’s own organelles, this process is called
____________________________.

 

12.  What controls whether a protein is made in the cytoplasm or on the ER?  (A) transcription sequence  (B) translation sequence  (C) ER sequence  (D) stop-transfer sequence  (E) signal sequence.

 

The sigma factor recognizes the promoter in which of the following processes?  (A) synthesis of proteins for export  (B) initiation of translation  (C) initiation of transcription  (D) elongation of translation  (E) elongation of transcription.

 

14.  If in a diploid organism, one normal somatic (body) cell during G1 has 16 chromosomes, this means that there are  _____  chromosomes in that cell in G2 and  ______  chromosomes in that organism’s gametes.

 

 

SHORT ANSWER

 

15.  What are some similarities and differences between the molecule that forms an “α-helix” and the one that forms a “double helix”.  I am looking for four separate comparisons.  (4 pts)

 

16.  What key events happen when a eukaryotic primary transcript or hnRNA is “processed” into an mRNA?  (4 pts)

 

17.  Give an example of an enzyme involved in each of the following:  (4 pts)


Respiration:

Photosynthesis:

Signal transduction:

Transcription:

 

18.  We talked about how particular proteins are selected and moved from, say, the ER to another compartment, such as the Golgi. Say that a protein that normally stays in the ER has inadvertently gotten to the Golgi.  The same mechanisms are involved in moving proteins in both directions.  Briefly describe what occurs in the process of retrieving this protein and moving it back to the ER.  (4 pts)

 

19.  What is the structure of microtubules and how do they function in the movement of “cargo” along them?  (6 pts)

 

20.  We examined the Calvin-Benson cycle (or C3 or citric acid cycle) and followed the carbons and the energy.  Explain the details of the reactions in which  (A) CO2 is fixed into a molecule of the cycle and  (B) molecules leave the cycle.  Note: I want these key reactions not the entire cycle.
 (7 pts)

 

21.  List the steps of elongation of translation with a little description of each.  (7 pts)

 

22.  Diagram the steps of glycolysis to illustrate the “major features” we talked about in class.  (7 pts)

 

23.  Describe, or draw and label, an ATP synthase with its “β”, “γ” and “c” subunits as found in the mitochondria or chloroplast.  State what each of the parts does.  (8 pts)